The astrolabe is a historical measurement instrument used in astronomical observations. Its applications include determining the positions of the Sun, Moon, planets, and stars. Additionally, it was used to calculate the local time and prayer times in Islam. The astrolabe was also employed in solving certain mathematical problems. Western sources report that it was first discovered by Apollonius (240 BC) and Hipparchus (150 BC), used by Ptolemy, and mentioned by Philoponus in the first half of the sixth century. In the 9th century, at the great university in Harran, various works about the astrolabe were written, thanks to the Abbasid caliphs' emphasis on science and culture. The oldest known book on the subject was written by Ali ibn Isa, who worked in Baghdad in 829–830 and in Damascus in 833. According to another account, the first person to discover the astrolabe was Abu al-Qasim Hibatullah, who was appointed by Seljuk Sultan Masud to the Baghdad Observatory and was known by the title Badi' al-Usturlabi ("Master of the Astrolabe"). Sultan Masud completed the Zij (astronomical tables) he prepared under this title in 1130.